Critical review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Critical review - Essay Example In his paper ‘A Grand Strategy of Transformation’, Gaddis (n.d.) has seen Bush’s NSS â€Å"the most sweeping shift in US grand strategy since the beginning of the Cold War† (p.1), which he substantiated by illustrating its differences from Clinton’s December 1999 NSS wherein he finds Bush NSS â€Å"more forceful, more carefully crafted, and – unexpectedly – more multilateral than its immediate predecessor† (Ibid). On the contrary, Wirtz and Russell (2003) believe that although Bush calls on a strategic shift from deterrence to preventive and preemptive war, varied international considerations may paradoxically push the Bush administration to rather â€Å"strengthen deterrence and existing international institutions, two outcomes that are not necessarily high on the administration’s agenda† (p. 113). Thus, essentially, it is no different from the former grand strategy. I agree with Wirtz and Russell that Bush grand s trategy is no different from that of deterrence, not because of its practicality in this present international context, but because, all US grand strategies, including Bush’s, only reaffirm the American consensual view on their supremacy; thus, all strategy’s should pursue only one thing – to ensure US hegemony unchallenged. Second, in defining the adversary, all of the articles commonly regard terrorism – specifically Al-Qaeda – the most ambitious, most ruthless, and most capable among terrorist groups – the most dangerous imminent adversary of U.S. today. However, it was Posen (2001), who had clearly described Al-Qaeda’s motive – that Al-Qaeda’s hatred of US comes from the following: the US meddling on the affairs of the Muslim nations in the Middle East; its imposed interest on the Persian Gulf and Middle East; its imposition of its Western culture that is diametrically opposed to Islam – all these result to the suffering of

Organizational Behavior Study Guide and Sample Comprehensive Review Assignment

Organizational Behavior Study Guide and Sample Comprehensive Review Questions - Assignment Example A number of factor help to have access to what an individual likes and dislike including: projection, hako effect, attribution, perceptual set, perceptual context, perceptual defense, stereotyping among others. 4. Attitude is a way of behaving, or thinking towards a belief. Attitude has three components. The first is emotional which refers to an individual’s feelings towards a tangible object. The second is informational which are the beliefs or ideas that an individual has concerning an object. Lastly is behavioral which is the behavior (cognitive and affective) that a person has towards an object. 5. Attitudes can be formed through learning from experience of the social situation around a person. Attitudes can be changed through an individual’s will to reduce dissonance; also rewards of changing a particular perception about an object can help in change attitude. 6. Maslow hierarchy of needs is a human motivation theory which states that the most basic needs (which are at the bottom of the hierarchy) must be met in order for a person to desire the needs at higher levels. Herzberg’s motivation theory suggests that a worker can either be motivated by good incentives or dissatisfaction by bad conditions of a working place.Alderfer’s ERG (Cycle of Needs) is an employee motivation theory proposing that there three categories of human needs (existence, relatedness, growth) that motivates a worker. McClelland’s Three-need theory advocate that needs to achievement, affiliation and power motivates an employee when they are met.Expectancy Theory (Vroom and Porter/Lawler), propose that a person will select behavior and choose motivation based on the outcome/result desirability. Equity theory suggests that fairness and unfairness in a working place determine a workers satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Attribution theoryexamines the u se of