Ethical Considerations And Social Responsibilities Of...

Evaluate the recent trends on the ethical considerations and social responsibilities of multi-national companies. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept whereby organizations consider the wellbeing of the public by taking responsibility for the effect of their actions on all stakeholders; customers, employees, shareholders, communities and the environment in every aspect of their operations. This responsibility is seen to extend beyond the statutory obligation to comply with legislation and sees organizations willingly undertaking additional steps to improve the quality of life for employees and their families as well as for the local community and society at large. The role of CSR has become dramatically increased over a†¦show more content†¦Companies across the world have seen the need to move into the Fairtrade market. Since the launch of Fairtrade there has been a dramatic increase in sales of their products. Since 1998 the estimated sales of Fairtrade products in the UK alone has risen from  £16.7 million to  £493 million.[2] Muti-national companies have seen the rapid growth and more and more companies are signing up to sell registered Fairtrade products to show the ethical consideration to the producers in developing nations. Costa Coffee who operate mainly in the UK with over 600 stores but also through Europe and Asia, have set up the Costa Foundation with the goal to give something back to the communities within the countries from which we source our coffee beans.[3] Each year the Foundation implement programmes to improve the social and economic welfare of the countries that source their products. It is not just the Multi-national companies in the food and drink market who have adopted into the trend of becoming more socially responsible. HSBC one of the worlds largest banks adopted a ‘go carbon neutral’ campaign in 2005[4]. Its aim was to plant trees, reduce energy use, buy green electricity and trade carbon credits to cut carbon dioxode flows. ThisShow MoreRelatedEvaluate the Recent Trends on the Ethical Considerations and Social Responsibilities of Multi-National Companies.1509 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluate the recent trends on the ethical considerations and social responsibilities of multi-national companies. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept whereby organizations consider the wellbeing of the public by taking responsibility for the effect of their actions on all stakeholders; customers, employees, shareholders, communities and the environment in every aspect of their operations. This responsibility is seen to extend beyond the statutory obligation to comply with legislationRead MoreEssay on Uop Ethics/316 Week 5 Cross Cultural Perspectives1340 Words   |  6 Pagesto similar ethical scenarios. Beekum, Stedam, and Yamamura (2003) suggest these differing conclusions will lead to conflict where one side perceives the outcome is ethical whereas the other does not. Another possible outcome is that one side may not even see a decision even being morally significant. Global organizations have the additional challenge when operating within a multi-national environment of recognizing cultural differences while maintaining a core moral and ethical foundation. Read MoreThe I mpact Of Oil Exploration On Nigeria1027 Words   |  5 Pagesexploration with its attendant environmental degradation for years. Unfortunately, the influx of oil companies and the heightening of their operations in Niger Delta are not matched with an agenda for the development of Nigeria in general and Niger Delta in particular. The oil companies claim to have executed several projects in the host communities as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility. The claims include: construction of hospitals, roads and schools, provision of portable water, electricityRead MoreCross Cultural Perspectives1102 Words   |  5 PagesPerspectives Wal-Mart is one of the largest corporations and private employers in the United States, and one of the most admired companies in America as reported by Fortune Magazine (â€Å"Fortune 500†, 2012). Netting billions of dollars in profits each year, there are not many other retailers who can compete with them. They give millions back in donations to non-profit companies around the country each year, yet put mom-and-pop establishments out of business each time they build a new store. They have beenRead MoreThe Ethical Marketing Strategy Of Pharmaceutical Advertising1451 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are some of the ethical issues associated with this marketing strategy? Pharmaceutical advertisements has been the subject of deliberation for more than a century. Pharmaceutical advertising and marketing make up a large fragment of the activities of pharmaceutical corporations. These publications can be extremely informative as long as they are analytically evaluated. However, t he data enclosed in promotional material may be scant or erroneous. Assuredly, the pharmaceutical marketing activitiesRead MoreLeadership, Trustworthiness and Ethical Stewardship Essay1183 Words   |  5 Pagesfactor in defining a good leader? Without an established trust relationship a leader is unable to be effective. The problem to be investigated is the value of trustworthiness and ethical stewardship in the construct of the organizational leadership model. This paper shall explore the co-functions of trust and ethical stewardship and its impact on leadership effectiveness. â€Æ' Introduction In 2012, there is very little allegiance or loyalty among organizational members. This isRead MoreBp Pipeline Case Regarding Ethical Behavior And Decision Makin1709 Words   |  7 PagesBP Pipeline Case regarding Ethical Behaviors and Decision-Makin British Petroleum (BP) has been operating in the United States for decades. They have required most of their refineries through acquisitions in the med the 1900’s, which helped them to become one of the leading oil producers in the world. The acquisition of the Prudhoe Bay, Alaska refineries produces more than five percent of America’s oil. Therefore, it guaranteed BP’s economic goals by continuing producing oil in the United StatesRead MoreSocial Compliance And Environmental Concerns1691 Words   |  7 PagesSOCIAL COMPLIANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS Social compliance refers to how a business or an organisation treat its employees, the workforce and the environment on social responsibility. It refers to a code of conduct that directs how employees should be treated in regard to wages, work hours and work conditions. To ensure that the company meets with the standards of various environmental laws, it may be necessary to conduct a compliance audit. The various codes of conduct now available are:Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )3578 Words   |  15 PagesWe examine firms’ use of corporate social responsibility (CSR) as one of their business strategies after a rise in public responses, has led to heightened corporate action. We find that firms are taking more corporate action due to more public scrutiny and fear of financial loss. We find there is an abundance of definitions of CSR but whilst they are all coherent, not one of these definitions is applicable to every industry. With further research, it is highlighted that it would be difficult to increaseRead MoreCarrolls pyramid of Corporate social responsibility: A review and modification1943 Words   |  8 PagesIntroductionFor the past 27 years, Carrolls corporate social responsibility pyramid (CSR) has been widely used by top management and journals to better define and explore CSR. The different components in the pyramid help managers see the differen t types of obligations that society expects of businesses. It is easily understandable and simple. However, the new challenges faced by corporations in the 21st century have warranted a re-examination of Carrolls pyramid. Carrolls CSR PyramidCarrolls

Emily Dickinson s Death And Made - 1091 Words

Emily Dickinson was a writer that had a morbid, yet beautiful way of expressing her thoughts. It takes many times to read her work and finally grasp some of what she means. Her poems leave the reader questioning and wondering why exactly a certain stanza was written that way. Dickinson wrote about death and made it seem as though she knew what it was really like, those very last moments of life. Then on the other hand, she wrote about happy experiences in life, sexual ones, and some that make insane thoughts seem so sane. Emily Dickinson used various ways of expressing her ideas of specific moments in life whether it be in dark poems with beautiful meanings, or refreshing poems that are uplifting. Emily Dickinson did not live what seemed to be an adventurous or lively life. Many people thought of her as a recluse because she did not get out much. However, she wrote with so much knowledge of adventure and experience which not one person thought happened to her. She was able to come up with such vivid moments, ones where it were as if she dealt with them herself. This shows that either she had amazing and compelling ideas or that she did experience some of the things she wrote about, but was very quiet about it all. She did not write how other poets wrote. Many of her poems did not rhyme, but if they did, it was slant rhyme. She also had many reoccurring themes that she was very comfortable talking about. Knowing her background before reading the poems she wrote makes themShow MoreRelatedThe Author That I Decided To Discuss The Literary Significance1232 Words   |  5 Pagesauthor that I decided to discuss the literary significance is Emily Dickinson. Dickinson was born, raised, and in Amherst, Massachusetts in December 10, 180 and died May 15, 1886 in the same state. Her father was Edward Dickinson, and her mother was also named Emily, Emily Norcross Dickinson. Emily Dickinson went to Mount Holyoke College, a small private school in South Hadley, Massachusetts. She’s known as one of the best American Poet. Emily s poem were frequently perceived by a wide range of writersRead MoreEmily Dickinson s I Taste A Liquor Never Brewed 1237 Words   |  5 PagesDraft: Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson s works made her a woman ahead of her time, through her unwillingness to conform to the norms of society. Emily Dickinson was a poet from the 1850s. Many people tried to urge Dickinson to publish, but she then had to start worrying about her punctuation in her works. Her works held great power and they reached maturity quite quickly as she talks about how dense the natural world is in one of her poems â€Å"I taste a liquor never brewed†. Emily Dickinson was bornRead MoreEmily Dickinson : The Point When A Reader1749 Words   |  7 PagesHorieh Introduction to Literature Professor Knoernschild November 27, 2015 Emily Dickinson At the point when a reader hears the name Emily Dickinson, they consider a female who composed verse that has been surely understood for a considerable length of time and years. Much to their dismay that Emily Dickinson established American Literature, and began an entire unrest of verse. The procedure Dickinson used to keep in touch with her verse was at no other time seen and was the foundationRead MoreEmily Dickinson s Amazing Gifts As A Poet1178 Words   |  5 Pagesher. Emily Dickinson became recognized as one of the greatest female poet in American literature after her death in 1886. Emily Dickinson personal life experiences are reflected in her poetry writings. Her poetry shows the difficulties and needs of human relationship with writing that is moving and captivating. Emily Dickinson was born on December 10, 1830 in Amherst Massachusetts. She was well educated and attended the Amherst Academy. Her father was Edward Dickinson, he wasRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Dickinson s Poem My Life Had Stood- A Loaded Gun 993 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Dickinson is a very famous and accomplished poet with over 1700 published poems. Several of her poems are similar in theme, and also similar in bringing out human emotions that we humans usually try to avoid. The common theme in most of Dickinson s poems is the wonders of nature, and the identity of self, as well as death and life. The five poems with the common theme of death are: â€Å"My Life had Stood- A Loaded Gun†, â€Å"I Heard A Fly Buzz- When I Died†, â€Å"Behind Me Dips- Eternity†, â€Å"Because IRead MoreEmily Dickinson s A Route Of Evanescence And Because I Could Not Stop For Death1167 Words   |  5 PagesEmily Dickinson Emily Dickinson published only a few poems during her time. Her work was only truly discovered after her death of kidney disease in 1886 at the age of fifty-six. Upon her death her sister Lavinia Dickinson found hundreds of poems tied into a book stitched together by Emily. People claim that she is the most original 19th Century American Poet and is now considered one of the towering figures of American literature. Although She is known for her unconventional broken rhyming meterRead MoreEmily Dickinson s Influences On Writing889 Words   |  4 PagesENGL-2120-C61 May 2, 2015 Emily Dickinson’s Influences in Writing: 　　　　On December 10, 1830, Emily Dickinson was born in her hometown where she would spend the rest of her life, Amherst, Massachusetts. Dickinson enjoyed writing and often credited herself on her wittiness and intelligence. She was a poet who made current events and situations the subjects of many of her writings. Although she wrote throughout her life, some of the poems were not found until after her death. Dickinson’s Family foundRead MoreEssay about Death in Emily Dickenson1313 Words   |  6 PagesDeath in Emily Dickenson With the thought of death, many people become terrified as if it were some creature lurking behind a door ready to capture them at any moment. Unlike many, Emily Dickinson was infatuated with death and sought after it only to try and help answer the many questions which she pondered so often. Her poetry best illustrates the answers as to why she wrote about it constantly. She explains her reason for writing poetry, â€Å"I had a terror I couldRead More`` It Was Not Death, For I Stood Up, By Emily Dickinson1728 Words   |  7 Pageswith a specific focus on Emily Dickinson’s link of mental illness to reclusiveness within her works titled â€Å"It was not Death, for I stood up,† â€Å"After great pain, a Formal feeling comes,† â€Å"I dwell in Possibility,† â€Å"My Life had stood—a Loaded Gun,† and â€Å"Tell all the Truth but tell it slant†.† Emily Dickinson is one of the most influential female poets of the 19th century. Born in Amherst, Massachusetts in 1830, Dickinson began her life as a normal child. Growing up, Dickinson had more opportunitiesRead MoreEmily Dickinson s Literary Research Essay1443 Words   |  6 PagesNancy Moore Professor Howell English 112 14 April 2015 Emily Dickinson Literary Research Essay Emily Dickinson was born December 10, 1830. Not much is known about her childhood as related to her writings but she did write letters to friends while in her pre-teen and teenage years. Those writings reflected her reluctance to become fully immersed in Christianity even though she was raised in a Christian home. Her world view seemed to be that she loved the world and wanted to experience it

PGs Pert Plus a Pan-European Product free essay sample

PGS Pert Plus: A Pan-European Product? QUESTION 1 How attractive is the pan-European market for Pert Plus in terms of demand potential? Competition? Any cannibalization problems? P is an international supplier of consumer goods it is a global leader in health and beauty care products, detergents, diapers and food . PGs presence in the hair care market in the U. S has been strengthened by innovative technology BC-18 and the replacement of an old brand Pert with Pert Plus- a mild shampoo with a fully effective conditioner. PG decided to introduce BC-18 in Europe. Traditionally, the European market is highly competitive the main rivals are Colgate, Unileaver, and LOreal. The European market is segmented (i. e. value based) and sensitive to price changes (i. e. elastic demand). The introduction of the new product BC-18 brings with it a new marketing strategy for the company. In order to make a valued choice the 4Ps of marketing have to be considered. BC-18 technology would offer the European consumers Great looking hair in a convenient way. Currently PG are practicing a strategy called Euro-Balancing , it entails the concept of standardizing to the maximum and implementing localization only where necessary. By introducing a single brand name for its potential market, PG does not have to create new marketing campaigns for targeted countries. The European market is heterogeneous, multicultural and multilingual; therefore, the name chosen for the shampoo should have to no connotations in a particular languages history or religion. Moreover, the name should be easily pronounceable in each culture. The company is able to use the brand name of Vidal Sassoon, which is an already well-known brand name in the United Kingdom, West Germany and Scandinavia and fits to the criteria mentioned above. It is in the upper market segment and has the established image of a high quality product; it would compliment the new BC-18 product. In instead of Pert Plus, the European name could be Vidal Sassoon Plus, the logo could look like the image bellow. Research indicates in Europe there are large price differences among hair care products. It can enforce the competitive strength of PG. Although it hasn’t face the cannibalization problems. It still prepare for it . QUESTION 2 †¢PG is an international supplier of consumer goods it is a global leader in health and beauty care products, detergents, diapers and food . PGs presence in the hair care market in the U. S has been strengthened by innovative technology BC-18 and the replacement of an old brand Pert with Pert Plus- the technology,â€Å"2-in-1† for shampoo and conditioner in one wash, was new to the market and had been developed in the P research lab. Advantages: easy, time-saving, and convenient everyday use of the product . †¢Disadvantages: more expensive. †¢No country-of origin effect. Q3 The southern European countries, such as West Germany, Great Britain, France, Scandinavia and Benelux, are the lead markets in Europe. †¢Entering a leading market first enable the brand to determine the most consumers real interst in the product from the outset so that it could develop sales and acquire market information in the Pan-Europe market. Also it could build a clear and reconizable image in the target market. However,it was not easy that a new brand enter a new,lead market. With respect to the number of suppliers and brands,the European market was more fragmanted than U. S. market,undoubtedly a function of the different nationalities. The most inportant competitors for PG were Unilever,Colgate and LOreal. QUESTION 4 What does the marketing research tell about the price and positioning decision for Europe? Brand choice? Should the BC 18 technology be introduced with a pan European name, or with local brand names, or even with a mixture of both approaches? Research indicates in Europe there are large price differences among hair care products. P has decided that it should place the new shampoo in the premium-priced segment; this is done in order to keep up the image of the shampoo as a high quality and innovative product. P should charge premium price in each country to be sold for 4. 99 DM for the 200 ml bottle and for 5. 99 DM for the 250 ml bottle in all the countries which had had been accepted during the consumer tests. The company cannot charge a price very few people can afford, this will also not e profitable for the company. P is to become a leader in the European market of two in one hair products. The first year objective is to attract new European customers from competing brands to shift to the use of shampoo to BC-18. The aim is to exert a pull on the population in order to create a new market niche inside the shampoo market and encourage the people to use the new BC-18. In effect BC-18 technology serves the core need of w ashing hair and therefore it has to compete with the different national brands which are often well established. As I see, the BC-18 technology should be introduced with a mixture of both approaches—with a pan-European name and local brand names. If we just introduce with a pan-European name is bad for the promotion of the BC-18. Local names sound approachable. People are likely to accept them. But if we just use local names we will have some problems in selling them in the whole Euro. So the best way is using both of them. QUESTION 5 Given the economic data, what is your recommendation for launch strategy? Let’s take Britain and as example. The markets in Europe are highly fragmented therefore, P cannot expect the same market shares in every country. The company should take into account the existing brands, their markets in every country and the conditioner use in every country. Great Britain: P must aim to attack Timoteis marketing leader position while maintaining their customer base of Head Shoulders. As Head Shoulders is more specific and known for its anti-dandruff ingredients, this should be possible. The company should try to gain 4. 5 % volume market share in the first year and increase it to 5 % in the second year, regarding to the high use of conditioner in Great Britain. Country Great Britain W. Germany France Benelux Scandinavia Market share (volume)4. 5 5 %3 3. 5 %2. 5 3 %3. 5 4 %4 4. 5 % Since there is a steady growth of the shampoo market and the conditioner market and statistics show an increase in hair washing, a roll-out launch is recommended in Europe.

Kinship Organization of Yanomamo Culture

Introduction Horticulture can be defined as a non-mechanized mode of cultivation. This form of cultivation is never intensive in nature. However, members of a horticulture society can still engage in the collection of wild food products. Foraging societies are mainly involved in wondering for food provisions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kinship Organization of Yanomamo Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unlike horticulture society, which is greatly dependent on domesticated plants, foraging societies do not domesticate plants but go gathering wild fruits and hunting (Andersen Taylor, 2010). This paper will discuss Yanomamo ethnic community and how the members are influenced by culture of kinship. Yanomamo is a cultural group of indigenous people residing mainly in villages found within the Amazon rainforest; this region borders the countries of Brazil and Venezuela. In the villages where the Yanomamo p eople live, they are consisted of both nuclear and extended families. This implies that the Yanomamo people value kinship as part of their cultural identity. Just like other traditional kinship, Yanomamo kinship is both consanguine and affine. Kinship organization in Yanomamo culture Yanomamo people practice horticulture where they use the technique of slash-and-burn as they clear land for their horticultural practice, even though they still rely on foraging. This is one way through which kinship influences the way Yanomamo people live and carry out their daily business. They grow fruits, fish, hunt animals and also grow bananas. While men clear large tracks of land for horticulture as part of their duties, women who are born and those married into the family have the responsibility of doing the planting which mainly consist of plantain and cassava. Duties are assigned according to gender and everyone has his or her duties to perform (Pink, 2006). Yanomamo kinship conforms to the cl assification pattern of the Iroquois. However, it is consistent with the rest of the features of its social structures. The social life of the Yanomamo people revolves around the very social principles used by the tribesmen (Rosman et al, 2009). These principles are seen in marriage exchanges taking place amongst kinship; marriage is the second scenario on how kinship influence the Yanomamo’s way of life. In fact, Yanomamo culture places a significant emphasis on patrilineal descent. The culture also strongly encourages and tolerates cross cousin marriages, which are bilateral in nature.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are village headmen whose responsibility is to determine how the village members relate with the members from the other villages. The positions of these headmen are as outcomes of kinship and patterns of marriage. The dynamics of the Yanomamo people involve receiving and giving girls during the process of marriage. Marriage arrangements are normally done by men who are the older kin and are the fathers, brothers and uncles. The girls are booked for marriage while they are still young. The men who engage in this kind of marriage arrangement are always concerned about establishing alliances with other fellow men and hence strengthen kinship ties (Richard Swanger, 2006). The third scenario is about the lineage of Yanomamo; lineage groupings are normally small and quite shallow. A lineage hardly ever goes beyond a generation of three adults. This implies that the descendants of a single great grandfather. Normally, the depth of kinship generation is limited by the recurrent subdivision (Irons Chagnon, 2008). Wrangles that occur amongst cousins are the main causes of subdivisions or group segmentation. Cousins always compete on who has the right to the young women who are ready or about to be married into the group through the exc hange marriage system. The internal wrangles can get so cruel that segmentation of a group takes place. Usually a group of brothers leave and goes out to establish a new group. They build their own village. This process replicates whenever there are internal wrangles about women who are to be married into a group (Irons Chagnon, 2008). Conclusion Kinship in Yanomamo culture has a number of influences and impacts on the people’s way of life. One area where this is evident is in the area of farming. Men in the families are charged with the responsibility clearing land in readiness for planting. The planting is done by the women in the family. The second scenario is witnessed in marriage (Irons Chagnon, 2008). The culture places it emphasis on patrilineal descent which are quiet shallow. A man from one family marries a sister to the other man who in turn marries his sister in exchange. This strengthens kinship ties between two men from different villages. Also, kinship plays a significant role in terms of conflict. Cousins always fight over the rights to women being married into the group. This causes conflict which ultimately leads to segmentation. Brothers leave the group and moves out of the village to form their own group. The impact of this is the formation of a new segment (Pink, 2006). References Andersen, M. Taylor, H. (2010). Sociology: The Essentials. New York: Cengage Learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kinship Organization of Yanomamo Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Irons, W. Chagnon, N. (2008). Evolutionary biology and human social behavior: an anthropological perspective. United States: Duxbury Press. Pink, S. (2006). The future of visual anthropology: engaging the senses. New York: Taylor Francis. Richard, H. Swanger, J. (2006). The dilemmas of social democracies: overcoming obstacles to a more just world. Lexiton: Lexington Books. Rosman, A. et al. (2009). The Tapestry of Culture: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology. Lanham: Rowman Altamira. This essay on Kinship Organization of Yanomamo Culture was written and submitted by user Jayden E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Dress as Someone of Another Race for Halloween

How to Dress as Someone of Another Race for Halloween With people of color more prominent in pop culture than ever before, some costume lovers face a dilemma: Is it alright to dress up as someone of a different race for Halloween? The answer to that question depends on the costume you’ve chosen and your presentation of it, not to mention the person you’ve decided to duplicate for the occasion. If you insist on doing it, follow the tips below. Itll lower  the odds that you’ll make a racial gaffe if you dress up as a person of another race for Halloween. Go as a Particular Person Under no circumstances is it alright to dress up as a Mexican, African or an Asian for Halloween. A racial group does not make for an appropriate costume, and any desire to dress up as a generic minority for Halloween is a pretty good indicator that you’ve bought into stereotypes about the group in question. To raise awareness about this issue, Ohio University group Students Teaching About Racism in Society  launched a campaign called Were a culture, not a costume. Instead of dressing up as a generic racial group for Halloween, choose a particular individual to dress up as, preferably one who’s known for suiting up in certain ensembles. Golfer Tiger Woods often wears red polo shirts and black pants while competing. Throw on such an outfit and walk around with a golf club in hand, and many people will pick up on the fact that you’re Mr. Woods for Halloween. Suiting up as an athlete who wears a jersey is one way to be easily identifiable. Most basketball fans know that Steph  Curry  is No. 30. Of course, your costume needn’t be relegated to the sports world. With his trademark sequined glove and red leather jacket, Michael Jackson is an instantly recognizable costume. No Blackface Avoid blackface like the plague when dressing up as a person of a different race for Halloween. Recognize that many African  Americans consider blackface to be as offensive as the N-word. If you’re choosing to go as a minority celebrity who wears attire that’s recognizable to the masses, there’s no need to darken your skin.   The same goes for taping your eyes back to appear Asian. Instead, choose to go as a highly recognizable Asian figure for Halloween, such as buddy team Harold and Kumar in their orange jumpsuits from the â€Å"Guantanamo Bay† film or the Japanese schoolgirl Gogo Yubari,  who handled a meteor hammer in â€Å"Kill Bill.† On Halloween, you should also reconsider throwing on an Afro wig. While natural hair has made a comeback in the black community, most African Americans today don’t sport 1970s style Afros, so unless you’re dressing up as Dolemite or another blaxploitation hero from that era, you should question the need to rock a faux Afro for Halloween. On the other hand, if your costume for Halloween is Bob Marley, you’re a lot less likely to offend people by donning a dreadlock wig, as locks were a staple of his look. But even in this case, its wise to exercise caution. Some people may still view such wigs as a mockery of natural black hairstyles. Wear a Mask You can avoid making many of the racial gaffes that befall Halloween celebrants by merely wearing a mask. A mask will remove any temptation to use blackface, tape back your eyes or make similar racially offensive moves. A variety of manufacturers offer masks of President Barack Obama, Michael Jackson and other famous people of color. Avoid Stereotypical Costumes Some costumes are just asking for trouble. Avoid politically incorrect costumes that fuel racial stereotypes. People of color aren’t likely to appreciate a white person dressing up like Aunt Jemima, a Muslim terrorist or an  illegal alien. Question your motivation for wanting to wear a Halloween costume that’s likely to be regarded as racist. It may seem like a funny idea to you but will feel like a slap in the face to the communities mocked by the costume.

Decline Of The American Empire Essays - International Relations

Decline Of The American Empire Essays - International Relations Decline of the American Empire In any era there are different protagonists, playing the same game on a similar board. Like a game of monopoly, there are nations competing to become the foremost leaders of their time. They amass great wealth, powerful armies, and political sway. When the influence and might of these countries transcends the confines of their boundaries, so that they become a presence throughout the world, they become empires. At times, it seems as though one of these empires wins the game, becoming the undisputed superpower in the world. Today, there is one such nation that has outlived all of its rivals in the great game, it is the United States of America. This vast empire of political power, economic and military supremacy, exerts its influence over much of the world. It has risen from the obscurity of the New World, to a level of ubiquity unprecedented in history. America is more than the sum of its territories, it the sun around which the other powers revolve. Regardless of geographic location or technological development, American culture, economics and politics are concerns for the entire globe. In this age of instant communication and information, what preoccupies America, to some extent preoccupies the world. America has become eponymous with the 20th century, we live in the American Century in a state of Pax Americana (American Peace). By the might of its armies and wealth of its economy America has created an imperial peace, ensuring that threats to world peace are put in check. The Pax Americana has also been a justification to impose American will on almost every part of the world, from Vietnam to Haiti. In order to exert such power, the United States has created a massive military apparatus, and has undertaken numerous foreign obligations. But as the American Empire grew more powerful, it also became more complicated, and eventually over-extended in its obligations; and hence, more difficult to sustain. It suffers from the ailments that inflict empires when they age: a loss of direction, fiscal excess, cultural degradation and a bloated military. When a dominant empire declines, another empire emerges to replace it. It is a cycle that has held true throughout history. Rome replaced Carthage, Ottoman Turkey replaced Byzantium, Britain replaced France, America replaced Britain. Like past empires, America can neither sustain its power indefinitely, nor can it exist statically under the weight of its current difficulties. While America is racked by unprecedented domestic disunity and a sense of economic decline a resurgent Europe and an aggressively modernizing China stand to eclipse the American Empire. The close of the American Century may well be the beginning of the final twilight of the American Empire. The United States of America rose to its position of prominence in the 20th century by filling the vacuum left by the waning powers of Europe. The old empires of Europe had grown too vast; the British Empire alone covered one fifth of the globe. Their economies lost the vigor of youthful growth, while the cost of maintaining their armies grew immense. The great powers of Europe finally self-destructed within the span of two world wars. Following the Second World War, the colonial empires disintegrated with the rise of independence movements. Consequently, Europe lost its easy access to foreign markets and sources of raw materials, leaving it further weakened, creating the opportunity for the emergence of a new economic and military power. Due to geographic chance, and thanks to the opportunity created by the implosion of Europe, only the United States emerged stronger after the war. It had not endured fighting on its soil and its industries and infrastructure were undamaged. America, rejuvenated and inspired by its heroic feats, took up the duty of nursing Europe back to health. While Europe was convalescing, the United States was substituting for Europe throughout the post-war world. Thus, the Eurocentric world gave way to the American hegemony. The United States inherited the bi-polar world that emerged after the Second World War. Countries aligned themselves either to United States or to the Soviet Union in a tense Cold War. America actually benefitted from the Cold War, as it was the undisputed leader of the alliance of Western countries.

Critique of Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critique of Violence - Essay Example Notably, abolishing states would not be an end to violence in the world as human beings would turn against one another. However, there is need for strict control of power possessed by states to ensure that incidences of violence are minimized and the public are at a less vulnerable point. The members of public should work together to limit government power in order to reduce cases of violence within states. State violence is a scenario that emerged as soon as the state was formed. The theories of state formation indicate that states originated from the intention of human beings to surrender power to a central body that would protect people from one another. In nature, human beings are aggressive and would do anything to acquire wealth and other material things. It is this aggressive nature of human beings that brings the urge to kill as each of them pursues their interests. Therefore, human beings had to surrender this ill power to the state so that the state would control their aggression. Consequently, the state uses this power to exercise violence within the public. As Weber (11-40) notes, the state is a relation of men dominating men by means of legitimate violence. The implication is that the state government uses the power accorded by the public to control them and to exercise violence within the boundaries. Since the state is unquestionable and is responsible for the formation o f laws, they possess the power to exercise violence with no questions from the public. Therefore, the public are submissive to the power of the government, and this puts them at a vulnerable position. The state uses violence to pursue their selfish goals and to control the rebellion of the members of public. Mbembe (12) points out that the government possesses the power to decide who dies and who lives. This implies that the sovereignty of the state is manifested in their ability to decide matters of life. While government can

Information Systems Use Security Policy Assignment

Information Systems Use Security Policy - Assignment Example When a company begins to address the proper use of its information systems, the challenges that emerge also expose the firm’s administrators to problems ranging from time delays, poor product performance and overruns in costs which come as a surprise. For a growing company, the many problems and opportunities that arise may demand different ways of approaching them. A solution that worked one year ago may no longer work in future. In a growing business, the source of information that a company uses when conducting its research needs to come from the right source. Using ineffective information systems makes it extremely difficult to get information and the purchasing behavior of customers analyzed. Even when the company begins to use and implement its information systems successfully, the systems may not present the proper view of the firm’s increased efficiency (Sousa & Effey, 2014). An excellent example in an organization is the use of emails. The use of emails is a trend in most firms, but their increases in volumes are no doubt a source of time drain for the individual and the organization. As the IT services manager for Sunshine Machine Works, I propose the use of the following guidelines. An increase of employees to more than 100 staff members and computers shows that the company is growing at a successful rate. A written policy on use of computers by all staff members in the organization is one of the best ways of preventing breach of sensitive information such as financial data, personal employee data. A guideline will also ensure that there is a centralized file storage system in the firm. Time limits: The first guideline to consider when creating this policy would be the time limits. As the administration panel in the organization, the Chief Executive officer, Chief Financial officer and general manager would be required to lead by example. Computer time should be strictly reserved for certain period, such as when files

Emile Bronte and Wuthering Heights Essay Example for Free

Emile Bronte and Wuthering Heights Essay Wuthering Heights is one of the most influential novels of 19th century; even though a dark and powerful novel the deeper aspects of life and strong emotions form the pillar of the novel. The novel is intricately weaved with strong emotion, powerful imagery and the conflict of possession. It reveals the most complex love story interlaced with separation and union under most conflicting circumstances. Love has been portrayed as a very evasive powerful emotion where give and take is exercised in complete isolation, just with the individual soul, and in that manner every character is lonely and isolated. It has been critically analyzed that the circumstance and the characters in the book reflects close similarity to the writer Emile Bronte’s personal life and surrounding. Wuthering Heights is the only novel which she wrote and since Emile Bronte’s life was dark and dreary, Wuthering Heights was influenced by her experience of isolation. Emily Bronte was an extraordinary writer of 19th century known for her imaginative and inspiring streak which reflects in her work as well as her life. Emily never married, stood up for her inner convictions and lived all her life at her family’s home in Haworth Parsonage, near Yorkshire Moors in northern England. She loved her home and her surrounding, which was rugged, dreary and wild in landscape, full of storms and harsh and unpredictable weather. Her novel Wuthering Heights is very clear imagery of her home surrounding in manner of exposure to the moors, cliffs and the isolated and dark setting. (Jennings). The early tragedies of loss of her mother and her two elder sisters as a result of terrible illnesses, affected her very deeply being very closely associated with pain and isolation. She lived with her other siblings two other sisters and a brother creating an imaginary world inspired by the toy soldiers which was a gift from her father. Emily seemed to be more overpowered by this imaginary world, even as an adult unlike her other siblings. Her fantasy world was called â€Å"Gondal†, and this private world provided her with immense strength and inspiration. In this world which was ruled by a woman she was in charge and control of her life. The character of Catherine Earnshaw in Wuthering Heights reflects this aspect of her personality in imagination, holding on to her past and in her intensity of love, which gives her more pain than pleasure. The intensity and the passion is in proportion of the pain and anguish to save what she has in the depth of her heart fighting with the external environment tormented by harsh winds and storms. Wuthering Heights is in many ways a clear reflection of Emily’s life, and the society in which she lived where women were not treated as an equal with the men of the society. The rules by which women had to live were very strict and allowed for little freedom or independence. Catherine, merges with Emily in her thinking, feeling and intensity. Even the steps she takes to make compromises in her life, is reflection of her courage and strength as it is taken to ensure security for Heathcliff or to ensure that her love thrives in more secure circumstances. Catherine is wild and intense and follows her heart, in sincerity, the main objective of her life is make things better for Heathcliff, who is her other image. Heathcliff and Catherine are inseparable, they are like two bodies with one soul. They cannot live without each other, and all their life they are drawn in relationship, which changes with the change of identity for Catherine from Catherine Earnshaw as a girl and teenager who is madly and inseparably in love with Heathcliff, to Catherine Heathcliff as two inseparable identities merged into one and Catherine Linton who is the regeneration of the Catherine, to keep her alive through her spirit and beauty. The story of Wuthering Heights begins with the introduction of the pages from Catherine’s diary, a love story which is ready to be brought before the world as one of the most intense stories of the time with timeless passion and intensity which begins with life and carries until the grave. There are intrusions but there is always the clarity of focus on who really belongs to whom, in the inner world of heart and soul. This is so closely connected with the conditions of Emily’s life and her close bond with the novel Wuthering Heights, Catherine’s diary can be said as Emily’s diary where she is trying to reveal her inner world to the outside world, it is intimate, personal and deep. She expresses her free and independent attitude thorough Cathy, with similar rebellion and strength of character, to stand up against the injustice done towards Heathcliff. There is a very intimate relationship between the dream and the reality, which is guided through the pages of the diary. The different inscriptions of Catherine’s name are reflective of the movement of the novel from one generation to another linking the key relationships which are covered under layers of hypocrisy. â€Å"When you have processed the information you have been waiting for, you see the point of the order of the scribbled names, as Lockwood gives them: Catherine Earnshaw, Catherine Heathcliff, Catherine Linton. Read from left to right they recapitulate Catherine Earnshaw’s story; read from roght to left, the story of her daughter, Catherine Linton. The names Catherine and Earnshaw begin and end the narrative this is an account of the movement of the book: away from Earnshaw and back, like movement of the house itself. (MW,419-20) (Jacobs 1979) The sequential order of the names as they first appear on the window ledge, then in the diary and elsewhere, connects the story with past and present, interweaving in it the aspect of darkness of the nightmares and the dreams and the powerful influence of nature with the supernatural element, overshadowing the moors and the Wuthering heights. The sinister darkness of the towering Wuthering heights, can be compared to the dark impressions left on her tender mind of the loss of her mother and the sisters, the personal loss and pain have emerged as the source of darkness and the isolation, which the inhabitants of Wuthering Heights have to endure and live day after day without any clear sign of hope and light. The outside physical world is dark and gloomy; the only refuge is in the sanctuary of the heart and soul, which drives the novel from beginning to end in the service of love, regardless of social constraints. The isolation which the characters of the Wuthering Heights experience is beyond imagination. It is sheer inner strength which allows for the characters to emerge from the dreary darkness, just like Emily, whose inner strength and courage made her survive the road of solitary path in the midst of social stigma and environmental control. This isolation can be seen almost all of her characters in Wuthering Heights. This aspect can be seen as the homelessness and the anguish of isolation is experienced by Hindley when he is forced from home, after old Earnshaw’s death Heathcliff is driven away, returning some years later, on the death of Heathcliff finally Hareton has a chance to live who had live almost in destitude and isolation within the walls of Wuthering Heights. Isabella first leaves her home in The Grange for life with Heathcliff, and then is devastated by her marriage with Heathcliff escapes to anonymity with impossibility for return. Her son Linton is first uprooted to his uncle’s home and then to his fathers home. The young Catherine, daughter of Catherins Earnshaw is first taken from Thrushcross Grange as Heathcliff’s temporary prisoner and then is forced to become his daughter-in-law and his permanent prisoner. The ultimate of isolation and exile is the conscious choice made by Cathy(Catherine Earnshaw ) who creates her exile as a conscious act of imagination, just like Emily in her Gonad world: â€Å"If I were in heaven, Nelly, I would be extremely miserable. I dreamt one that I was there. Heaven did not seem to be my home; and I broke my heart with weeping to come back to earth; and the angels were so angry that they flung me out, into the middle of the heath on the top of Withering Heights; where I woke up sobbing for joy† (Jacobs 1979) The marriage to Edgar fulfils this prophecy of homelessness from which only death promises respite. Yet, Cathy’s death is again another self-imposed exile, as she refuses to get better and wants to die, this scene has amazing similarity with the manner in which Emily died. The manner, in which Emily dies in isolation, is an example which captures the synthesis of the conviction and the courage with which she lived her life. Emily was the strongest and the most sincere of the Bronte family, who had the inner strength to stand for her inner faith and conviction, unruffled by the outside world and its changing influences. â€Å"She was a strong willed person who remained true to herself and her vision, even until her very last breath. † (Jennings). She was very ill, just like the protagonist of the novel Wuthering Heights, Cathy, â€Å"she was suffering from severe lung infection, but she refused to give in to her illness and continued to live as she always had: believing her own strength would help her endure and survive and ultimately overcome the physical limitations of her life. Emily Brontes life and death of courage and independence is a lasting example to us all†(Jennings) Emily Bronte valued life greatly and her novel reflects her close vision about the preciousness of life and the power of the inner self (soul). She had strong conviction that no matter how violent the turmoil outside, as is reflected in many aspects of Wuthering Heights in relationships, weather and social conflict, the human soul had the power to endure and go beyond the barriers and the hardships which inflict pain and suffering as part of our experience in life. Her greatest accomplishment was writing her novel Wuthering Heights, which is the only novel she ever wrote and through which â€Å"she was able to speak her mind able to speak her own mind, make clear the power of her voice, and reveal her entire vision of humankind to the world. It has been 150 years since Wuthering Heights was first published, yet it is still a widely-read book and is studied in many schools. Emily Brontes story of two childhood companions who are unable to remain together once they are adults is powerful and moving. It reminds each of us, no matter who we are, that we are often left alone in the world, and that we all long to be a part of something more than ourselves, but that it is only through love of ourselves that we can truly find love with others. The story is written in one of the most unforgettable, original voices ever heard, and almost everyone who has read this novel has been deeply affected by it. Emily died at the age of thirty, only a year after Wuthering Heights was published, but she still speaks to us through her writing. † †(Jennings) No Coward soul is mine No trembler in the worlds storm-troubled sphere I see Heavens glories shine And Faith shines equal arming me from Fear There is not room for Death Nor atom that his might could render void Since thou art Being and Breath and what thou art may never be destroyed

Copyright Infringement via Internet-based File-sharing Technology :: Technology Essays

Copyright Infringement via Internet-based File-sharing Systems    Internet-based file-sharing systems are gaining popularity, and consequently the sharing of copyrighted materials has become rampant.   Fueled by server-based systems such as FreeDrive and peer-to-peer systems such as Napster, copyrighted materials are being propagated all over the Internet, and while shutting down such systems seems to answer some of these problems, it is in no way a complete solution.   By examining these file-sharing systems and the legal issues that envelope them, more appropriate regulatory means may be discovered. The same technologies that make the Internet useful to its users, such as standardized data-sharing protocols and universal connectivity, are making it easier for people to perform illicit activities via the Web.   Further, with broadband technologies such as Digital Subscriber Line and cable modems making there way into more and more homes, the bottleneck once provided by analog phone lines and modems is disappearing making it easier to share large multimedia files via the Internet. Illegally distributing copyrighted materials is harmful to the industries involved, preventing content providers from receiving money that is rightfully theirs and possibly raising costs for legitimate users.   Further, doing so on a large scale has never been easier, and regulating this distribution has proven to be extremely difficult.   For instance, a number of sites exist which provide their users with free Internet storage, some of which, such as FreeDrive, permitting unrestricted public access.   This allows for legitimate users to access the public domain files of other users, making the sharing of non-copyrighted material such as personal pictures and information very easy.   However, it also makes it incredibly simple for a dishonest person to place copyrighted materials on such a site and post a link to it, effectively distributing whatever goods he or she has to offer to the entire Internet community. Similarly, Napster, which follows a peer-to-peer file-sharing model, promotes the distribution of copyrighted materials, namely music.   It allows millions of users to share and search through the amalgamation of their files, effectively creating a virtually limitless resource of digital music.   This has led to a number of debates regarding the legality of the software application, as well as several attempts to shut the service down. Recently the RIAA, the Recording Industry Association of America, has made efforts to shut down Napster, and in rebuttal, Napster has focused on six core arguments that they felt lent "great legal weight to their position that neither the company, nor its users were violating the law"i.

History and Politics of the Mexican Revolution Essay

The Mexican revolution was one of the most significant catastrophe in the twentieth century, which involved four momentous leader by the name of Madero , Diaz , Zapata and Obrengo. According to Alan Knight, author of the article â€Å"The Mexican Revolution†, â€Å"the Mexican revolution started as a protest of the middle class against the dictatorship of Porfrio Diaz†. A small minority of people were control of most of the country’s power and wealth, while the major of the population worked in poverty. According to Dan la Botz, author of article â€Å"The Mexican revolution part1, 1910-1920, â€Å"Tens of thousand of men and women fought in battles in many region of the country to end the dictatorship and overthrow the leader†. The attempt to mold a new generation that would continue the revolution’s efforts for the people into the future. Their campaign included programs for land reform, work protection, widespread literacy, and mandatory schools. The nation fund a mental economic, institution were transformed as a basic Agriculture production unit and the foreign own oil industry nationalized. In the 1910s a politician and military struggle arrived among various rival politicians, economic and social groups, the working class and the peasantry were defeated and subordinated to new master. The revolution began as an attempt to overthrow Porfrio Diaz who was a dictator of Mexico. According to Dan La Batz , author of â€Å"Mexican Revolution part 1 ,1910-1920† , â€Å"Mexico’s liberal who wanted a free market capitalist county like England and United States, battle consecutive who wanted a count more like Spain with its monarchy, powerful catholic church and feudal hierarchy (Botz 26). Diaz revived and expanded the nation economy, generally raising the levels of prosperity in the nation. The administration introduce changes that commercialized agriculture, modernized mining, financed industries, initiated railroads and enticed consumer. During the Porfrio ratio, as railroad construction dominated popular attention, city resident also witnesses the introduction of additional technology such as gas lighting, tramlines and other advances. Railroad transported raw material to the United States and Europe. Ordinary people who supplied the labor and raw materials were tricked to increase the country’s economy and Diaz later exploited domestic workers. Diaz fought alongside Mexican president benito Juarez and then against intervention. Diaz then emerged as a leading general and became president in 1876. Diaz served 34 years as the president of Mexico. Diaz took land from villages until most peasants had been reducing from small proprietors to day laborers. Diaz existence caused destruction upon the economy and social lives of Mexicans. He fought against his opponents and wag war. Diaz promised a free election against Francisco Madero another leader of Mexico who ran for election, after it became obvious he might not win. According to Beezley Williams H author of â€Å"Mexicans in Revolution 1910-1946: An introduction† â€Å"Francisco Madero became a revolutionary by accident, his entire life, his family, his education, his marriage and his early business efforts-marked him as a member of the elite (Williams 36). Madero’s family believed that his campaign was foolhardy if not suicidal. He campaign across the nation of Mexico with the aim of no presidential election. Madero’s movement was soon swelled with people who saw his campaign not only a chance for the politicial democracy but also the opportunity to struggle for more fundamental social change. Madero campaign threatened Diaz which forced him to get Madero arrested on felony charges and jailed in San Luis Potosi under house arrest in the summer 1910. In July 1910 with the help of his wealthy and politically connected family,Madero fled from San Luis Potosi to San Antonio, Texas and transformed the Anti reelection political organization for revolution to begin November 20. Madero issued his manifesto, the plan of San Luis, The plan laid out his vision of polotican democracy emphasizing the no presidential reelection. Madero slogans was â€Å"Effective Suffrage (that is honest voting) No reelection (prevent Diaz pattern of holding office) and Municipoo Libre( local control of issue such as taxes). Madero was elected president and assumed power in November 1911. By November 911 Zapata, another Mexican leader and his troops were at war with Madero’s Government. Zapata movement focuses on four main issues which was lands; which should be given to those who work for it, secondly labor unions; which had been suspended under Diaz, fought for their rights to organize and to strike and demand protective legislation for workers, thirdly education; for the country last battle with Catholic Church, the demand for free public education and finally ownership of oil nd mineral; all natural resources of Mexico should belong to is people. Zapata army was driven out of Mexico in the early 1916 by Carranza’s troop who was a Mexican leader that fought against Zapata. After this shift by Carranza’s troops, Zapata had no hope of fighting back Carranza because he didn’t have as much army as Zapata. According to Micheal Mathes author of article â€Å"Frontier Settlement in Mexican California† , with the help of chief advisor , Gildardo Magana he started an alliance for anyone who will want to fight Carranza (Mathes 503). Venustiano Carranza was the son of a middle class and who had been educated in Mexico to become part of the political elite. Carranza joined Madero’s rebellion and became president after the death of Madero. Carranza and his followers attempted to remodel cities, not by pulling down statues, wrecking monuments, or destroying the house of the old regime, but by creating a new society. The Mexican revolution was then divided into two rival bourgeois and plebian. According to WM. O.  OWEN, author of â€Å"The Mexican Revolution, Its progress , cause , purpose and probable result† Carranza’s constructional forces aimed to create a new nationalist state which could provide stability for Mexican born and foreign investors, while Connectionist led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, desire to carry out the democratic and social reforms demanded by the country peasants and workers. The Constitutionalist would win the civil war because they understand the significant of the labor movement. Carranza’s armies had been successful in defeating the forces of Villa and Zapata. Carranza and his advisors produce a new constitution which settled in law and the principle issue of the revolution. These laws were divided into four articles. Article 27 provided the break up of the haciendas and distribution of land to peasant and indigenous community. Article 123 gave workers the right to organize unions and strike and create legislation. Article 3 ended the Catholic Church’s control of education, creating the free, lay public schools and finally, Article 130 banned the church from Mexican politics and society. Carranza’s forces continue to fight opposition leaders which he eventually assassinating Emiliano Zapata. On may 21 1920 the rebel forces captured and killed Carranza and the general Obrengon took power. Obrengon became president holding office from 1920-1924and Huerta revolt against President Obrengo in 1923. In conclusion lands were given to the working class and peasant, housing and farming territory and also ranching was easier to get. During the decades from 1917 to 1946 revolutionaries initiated a variety of campaign to bring revolution to people. At the same time the revolutionaries initiate campaign that proved to be only partially successful, to remake the symbols of Profrio rian regime in the image of the revolution.

Mattel and Toy Safty Essay

In 2007, the Mattel toy company recalled around 20 million of its toy products do to contamination of lead in the paint and safety issues dealing with parts of its products (magnets) that was manufactured in China. The Mattel Company is considered the â€Å"global leader’ in toy manufacturing with over 30,000 people employed in over 40 countries and operates in more than 150 countries. The Mattel Company faces the dilemma a lot of companies face when using overseas manufacturing. If not closely monitored, they can and will cut corners which could put the company at risk. Who is responsible for the safety of children’s toy and who should be held accountable? An Analysis of the Mattel case study should reveal who is and who isn’t. 1. Do you believe that Mattel acted in a socially responsible and ethical manner with regards to the safety of its toys? Why or why not? What should or could Mattel have done differently? The study case of the Mattel Toy Company’s toy recall is a difficult one to call. The company went over and beyond to make sure that its products where safe for the public. The case study states that in 1997, the Mattel Company developed a â€Å"code of conduct† which included a wide range of ethical issue such as child safety laws, safety and health regulations. Mattel went as for to hire Professor S. Prakash Sethi, who is the head of a non-profit organization by the name of the International Center for Corporate Accountability which conducted audits on Mattel facilities. Mattel was also recognized by Forbes Magazine as one of the most trustworthy U.S. companies and was also recognized by CRO Magazine as one of the best corporate citizens out of 100, so they had built a reputation for being a solid socially responsible and ethical company. Ethics can be defined as moral principles that guides the way a person or a business behaves. Social responsibility is an ethical theory, that a person  or a business has an obligation to benefit society as a whole. Basically the products or actions of a person or a business should be a benefit to society and The Mattel Company took pride in being just that. Even though Mattel had to recall a lot of its products, I do believe they acted socially responsible and ethically. Mattel tested its products in their own testing facilities and in other special test labs to ensure the safety and quality of its products, and had specifically targeted lead based paint. Once Mattel found out that some of its products contained harmful lead based paint and the magnets in some of its products could be a safety concern, the company had an immediate recall of the products contaminated. Mattel used several outlets such as the Consumer Product Safety Commission, regulating agencies from all over the world and newspapers to address the issue of the lead based paint in its products and the magnet problem. Mattel also made it possible for consumers of their products to have access to outlets in which they can return the contaminated products for a refund or a safer replacement product. Mattel did do a lot to ensure the safety and quality of their products, but, they could have taken even further steps to avoid this situation. For one, Mattel should has done research on the on the Chinese firms outside contractors. Even though some of these contractors had been audited, they replaced the approved paint for the lead based paint. So Mattel should have kept a closer eye on these subcontractors in order to maintain their good image with society. Mattel cannot be solely at fought for this recall; the Mattel Company was also a victim in this situation. 2. Who or what do you believe was responsible for the fact that children where exposed to potentially dangerous toys? Why do you think so? This is a hard question because there are several entities that can be blamed for this recall. Number one is those that are responsible for consumer product safety. The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is an independent federal regulating agency who assumes the responsibility of protecting the public from dangerous products. This agency was created in 1972 with the Consumer Product Safety Act. This Act gives the CPSC the authority to develop standards and bans on products. It is the job of this regulating agency to make sure that products are safe for public use, but it seems the dropped the ball on the Mattel toy recall. The case study states that the CPSC was severely underfunded and understaffed. The case study also states  that in 2007 the CPSC only had about 400 employees in which only 15 of them were investigators with the job of investigating products that come through the ports. Needless to say with the amount of product that come through the ports and the number of ports used in the U.S. to import and export product is too much for only 15 people to handle, also the CPSC only had 100 employees monitoring products on store shelves and only had a budget of 62 million. Another player that has responsibility in exposing children to potentially harmful products (toys) is the Chinese government. The enforcement of lead standards in China was not enforced, so the companies did as they wanted when it came to lead based paint. The magnet situation of more of a product design malfunction, according to the case study, so that can be easily taken care of, however, the lead base paint issue is one of enforcement. If the Chinese government had adequate enforcement of lead paint regulations, which is better than that of the U.S. at one point, this would have never been a problem for the Mattel toy company. The most responsible for this recall is the Mattel Company. Regardless of regulation inspectors and audits, they owe it to the stakeholders of the company to ensure that the products that they are manufacturing are safe. That is what social responsibility and ethics are based upon. 3. What is the best way to ensure the safety of children’s toys? There is no way to fully ensure the safety of children’s toys, but the best way is to enforce federal legislation on toy manufactures. This is a challenge because the majority toys in this country are manufactured in other countries such as China and Asia . Federal regulation can ensure that there are uniform standards for toy manufacturing. As of June 12, 2012, all manufactures and importers of children’s toy must comply with federal regulation. These toys must be tested for compliance of regulation and the testing must be done by the CPSC. It is also in the best interest of other countries to enforce regulation on toy manufactures. Since toys are a big export for other countries such as China and Asia, they would want to be in good standing with the U.S. by setting some standards on toy manufacturing. Consumer’s advocates groups need to stay involved in toy safety issues and provide input that can help set guidelines for federal legislation. The consumer advocates can influence regulation and keep the public informed on issues of child toy safety. In 2008, consumer groups such as the Consumers  Union, Consumer Federation of America, and Kids in Danger attended House and Senate conferences to push for a well-funded Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). As a response to the demand of the consumer advocate groups, Congress acted by banning lead based products in children’s toys. This act of the consumer advocate groups is a perfect example of the interactive social system between corporations and society, the fact that they are so interdependent on one another that if action is taken by one it will affect the other (Lawrence & Webber, 2011, p.21). These stakeholders can have a profound effect on regulation of a company. The toy industry can also play a large role to ensure the safety of children’s toys. They can listen to input form stakeholders on issues that could make their products safer. They also can follow the requirements of the Consumer Product Safety Commission closely or even go a step beyond the CPSC regulations to ensure that their toys are safe for kids. The toy industry could also be shown as a leader in toy safety by collaborating with foreign manufactures to push their toy safety regulation to coincide with that of the U.S. standard. They could hold international regulation meetings and have input on the regulation of toy safety that can have influence on policy. These kinds of actions from the toy industry could give them a good standing with stakeholders and regulators both if they are viewed as being actively involved in the safety of the children’s toys that they are making. After all these are their customers and in business you are trying to acquire more customers not lose them, so these type of actions by the toy industry would only benefit them and the customers that helps make them the business’s that they are today. Since the increase of imported toys, the rate of injury to kids playing with toys has increased. Accountability of the toy industry is a must to bring toy safety to a minimum. Corporate negligence of the sub-contractors of toy manufactures need to be recognized and investigated thoroughly to insure toy safety. An article be the American Association for Justice (Playing with Safety: Dangerous toys and the Role of Americas Civil Justice System) states that â€Å"A Public Citizens analysis of consumer recalls found that companies waited an average of 993 days to inform the CPSC of defects, and the agency (CPSC) waited another 209 days before informing the public (American Association for Justice) of the dangerous toys. This is a little more than 3 years before the public is  informed of a toy health hazard by the toy industry and CPSC. The CPSC and the toy industry should be held responsible and held accountable for those that are put in danger by these toys. If both the CPSC and the toy industry are held accountable for the time laps of getting the information to the public it would improve toy safety. 4. What do you think is to best way for society to pr otect children from harmful toys? Specifically, what are the appropriate roles various stakeholders in this process? The best way to protect children from harmful toys has to be a collective effort between stakeholders, the toy industry, and government regulators. This collective effort can be beneficial to all. First, the federal government must fund the CPSC properly in order for it to function at a level in which it can handle the bulk of toys coming through our ports. I can see how the CPSC was overwhelmed with the task of making sure all toy products are safe before and after they hit the shelves. The CPSC was too understaffed and underfunded to be affective. At the time of the recalls, the CPSC’s power was limited to ensure the safety of children’s toys. According to an article written by Jo Hartely of the National News (Protecting Our Children from Toxic Toys), â€Å"The CPSC cannot legally test children’s products before sale and do not have the funds or capacity to do so if desired† (Hartley, 2008). This at the time really made it hard to ensure toy safety. Also, according to the article, another way to ensure toy safety is to revise the U.S chemical regulatory system. The article states that around 80,000 chemicals are cleared for use in everyday products and 2,500 are introduced every year. Most of these chemical have not been tested for potential health impacts on children or fetuses (Hartley, 2008). This is another flaw in the regulatory system that needs to be addressed to ensure toy safety and it will take a collaborative effort to make this happen. The appropriate role for the non-market stakeholder in this toy safety issue is to use the non-market stakeholder’s power to use resources to influence regulatory policy on toy safety. Stakeholder power is founded in the power that they have to vote for those that support regulations that they want to see enacted on toy safety. The can also utilize economic power in order to get there point across to the toy industry on toy safety. They also have the power to use civil suits against negligent toy manufactures that are selling harmful toys. Consumer advocate groups are also categorized as  non-market stakeholders. These groups can pull resources and get the word out about the negligence of a toy manufacture which could also persuade government entities to act. Groups such as the Consumer Federation of America, kids in danger and the Consumer Union have already influenced stricter regulation of the toy industry with success. The categorization of the federal government as a non-market stakeholder is still up in the air for most, but, the impact and role that the government has in the issue of toy safety is huge. The government can and has the power to regulate the toy industry to ensure toy safety. Regulating toy safety is not an easy task for the government and will not ensure that all toys will be safe, but, they can minimize the problem. One way they government can minimize harmful toys that may get in the possession of children is by funding the CPSC properly so that they can enforce the regulatory laws on toys safety. Between 2008 and 2011 the federal government passed regulations that give the CPSC more power to hold the toy industry accountable for toy safety. In 2008, the Consumer product Safety Act was amended in 2011 which gave the CPSC new found power to enforce regulation laws on the toy industry which included civil and criminal penalties for those that broke the laws of toy safety. It also included third party testing of toy products so that testing of the products was not left solely to the toy industry which could be manipulated as so the case of Mattel toys. The federal government also passed the Child Protection Safety Act, which protects children from choking hazards. This legislation requires warning labels on products that may present a choking hazard for kids and also mandates that manufactures, importers, distributors, and retailers to report certain choking incidents. Even though the Mattel toy company and CPSC regulatory agency made adjustments necessary to minimize children’s toy hazards. It was their duty and obligation toy insure that the products that they sold were safe for children to play with in the beginning. All though Mattel had an outstanding ethical and social responsible reputation, the ball was dropped on this issue in 2007. One reason was the expansion of manufacturing and production of their products to foreign countries that they could no keep a close eye on. All in all it is up to us all to ensure the safety of our children when purchasing toys for our kids to play with. We cannot solely leave it up to r egulatory  systems and toy manufacture; we also have to play our role in this issue. Reference American Association for Justice (2010). Playing with Safety: Dangerous Toys and the Role of America’s Civil System. http://www.justice.org/cps/rde/xbcr/justice/PlayingWithSafety.pdf Lawrence, A. T., & Weber, J. (2011). Business and Society: Stakeholder, ethics, public policy (13 Ed). New York. McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Hartley, J. (2008). Natural News, Protecting Our Children from Toxic Toys. http://www.naturalnews.com/022991_toys_children_chemicals.html# U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. https://www.cpsc.gov/en/Regulations-Laws–Standards/Statutes/

Working with Magazine Editors

Working with Magazine Editors Editors can be a fastidious lot, particularly when it comes to maintaining a professional relationship with writers. For starters, editors are- by nature- perfectionists in many things, particularly in language and communication. If you have poor communication skills, odds are that youre not making a good living out of freelance writing for magazines. However, even some of the best communicators end up going toe-to-toe with unsatisfied editors who demand more than the writer can give. In those cases, and when building your career as a freelance writer, its best to know some good strategies in dealing with editors, including the particularly demanding ones.Return emails/calls/texts promptlyEven if the editor took three weeks to get back to you regarding your query, be sure to immediately return his or her communication as quickly as you possibly can. Editors like to know that when they are working on tight publishing deadlines, a writer can be on call and ready to help at last-minute notice. This kind of promptness and dependability will certainly get you noticed and keep you on the magazines freelance payroll.Dont submit work with a lot of grammar/spelling mistakesEven though a magazine has its own copyeditors, any writing that you submit will mean extra work for others if it includes a lot of spelling errors and grammar mistakes. Beyond that, it simply looks unprofessional on your part. A writers first talent should be with language, including the rules of that language. If you arent naturally gifted in this area, hire a copyeditor or proofreader to do it for you before you submit it to the magazine. It will increase an editors respect for you as a writer and as a professional.Help out when the magazine is in a crunch and needs someone to cover a story last-minuteThis is a big one. As a freelance writer, its easy to dream about seeing your name in the by-line of some great journalistic effort or feature article; however, its not so easy to cover an event that anyone could write about- or worse, to write for a section that isnt given a by-line at all. All writers want the features and few want the other parts of a magazine, but the editor is responsible for pulling the entire publication together and will likely need your help in completing some of the less exciting work required to do so. If you are there for him or her in a crunch, youll become a valuable asset to the magazine and to the editor, personally. This helps increase your chances of landing more feature articles and more recommendations from that editor to other publications or editors seeking freelancers.Dont pester themIts tempting to continue attempting to contact an editor when you havent heard from him or her within a few weeks about an article query or idea. And weve all heard that persistence pays off- so why not be persistent about it? While this might be true in some facets of the publishing industry, it usually doesnt hold water for the magazine industry.Magazine and newspaper editors are busy, especially at certain points of the week or month when the publications deadlines must be met. During these times, editors do well to keep their head above water to get that weeks publication to the newsstands on time, or that months publication to the printers on time. They certainly dont have the time to answer queries or deal with freelancers who are persistent about future article ideas. If you continue to contact them over the same query or idea multiple times, odds are you will be turned down when the editor finally has time to check his or her messages or email. If youve sent out a query, wait a bit. If the editor is a professional, which most of them are, he or she will get back with you at their convenience- and have a much more positive attitude about doing so.Dont send an article or idea to several editors at onceThis is a big mistake in the publishing industry, whether you are querying magazine editors, newspaper editors or book publishers. M any are friends with other editors of other publications and word gets around if you are the type of writer who does this. Only query one at a time and wait to hear back before sending your idea to another editor. If the editor has not responded within a reasonable amount of time (usually a month is considered reasonable in this industry), then write or call once to ensure that the editor received the query. At this point, you can politely request permission to query other editors if he or she is not interested in your article or idea.Keep your communication short and professionalAlthough it might be tempting to write long query letters or emails detailing the extent of your knowledge and expertise on a particular subject, dont. As previously mentioned, editors are busy and simply dont have the time to read through multiple emails from overly verbose writers. The short communiques are the ones that are more likely to get their attention quickly.With the right amount of patience, pro fessionalism and ability, writers who manage to work well with editors will be rewarded for their attempts. In the business of freelance writing for magazines, once you establish yourself as a writer that is easy to work with, dependable and not a nuisance, editors are likely to send more assignments your way because you make their lives easier. Make their lives more difficult and youve very likely to never hear from them again.

Ten tips for perfect punctuation - Emphasis

Ten tips for perfect punctuation Ten tips for perfect punctuation More people are unsure of their punctuation than would ever care to admit it. Use our quick guide to make sure youre not one of them. Never use its with an apostrophe unless it means it is or it has – its amazing how many people use it wrongly. Beware also the greengrocers apostrophe (peas, carrots) when forming plurals. Apostrophes should usually only be used to show possession or omission. The exception is to avoid confusion when forming plurals of letters (eg As, which looks like As if you leave out the apostrophe). Some people object to using and or but at the beginning of sentences. But this probably has more to do with lingering fears of that scary old English teacher you had years ago than any real grammatical rule. And thats all there is to it. If you dont believe us, look again at a Shakespeare play – or even a well-respected business magazine such as The Economist. Semi-colons (;) can replace and or but. They denote a pause thats longer than a comma but shorter than a full stop (or period). Think of them as super commas if it helps. Dont overuse them, though (see below). Colons can replace so, therefore and because. The full stop (period) is the readers best friend – and it could be yours. It shortens sentences, making them easier to read. And it can get you out of a pickle when youre trying to find a clever way of saying two or three things in the same sentence: just use two or three sentences instead. Use semi-colons, brackets and dashes sparingly, as theyre stylistically heavy. If in doubt, split the sentence. If you put additional information in a sentence, like this, remember to use commas or dashes either side of the information. Its hard for the reader if theyre left out. Using all capitals on headings is hard on the eye, as it removes the all-important shape from words. (We use shape to recognise words more than you may realise.) So use initial capitals only. Too many exclamations are irritating!

The problem of transcendence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The problem of transcendence - Essay Example Theologian William Paley forms one of the failure cohorts in that journey. His first argument was based on a watch. If one were found one lying on the ground, the conclusion would be that there is a designer behind the whole process. The application of the idea is shifted to the anatomy of both humans and animals. He made a conclusive statement that there is a designer behind this elegant creation. The argument leads to the development of a terrible problem. In essence, he simply failed in the aspect of transcendence since he reduced God to being merely powerful and intelligent failing to recognize His finite character. In addition, his argument did create a detrimental effect on the society. God possesses the aspect of being the societal designer from the time immemorial and that character persists. Consequently, what results is that the society perceives God as a being who cannot be a subject to challenging human beings. There is a terrible idea that follows this: if society is des igned, then everything is perfect as it is, and humans cannot be wrong. In other words, God does not challenge human reasoning. If by any chance we saw a fault in the design, we simply did not understand it fully. He said in his book reasons for contentment, "now have the poor anything to complain of here? Are they not surrounded by their relatives as others?". Here he says that nobody is poor. Only those who become a part of something they do not belong to it.  The dark side of theology illustrates that scenario and experience.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and its relation to the Bible Essay

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and its relation to the Bible - Essay Example Watson to read and learn about significant people in the Bible. Mark Twain satirizes the misuse of Christianity by depicting Christian’s lack of understanding, hypocrisy, and over-reliance of text by using Hulk as the most moral character. Christianity values are integrated in American history and tend to act as the driving force of the American culture; these are the values that Mark Twain is able to satirize while indicating views that have been altered through time (Web). Twain utilizes many situations in the story to compare his characters and real people by giving his characters a very realistic tone. He has successfully satirized real people and showed how hypocrites Christians can be. Huck is presented as the most moral character in the novel; this role is also played well by Jim. Interestingly, there rest of the characters is unable to understand such kind of moral presented by and the only evident thing is his exterior character (Twain Web). In The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn, Huck’s father is thought to be dead and a woman named Window Douglas, portrayed as a kind Christian, takes care of him, and teaches him bible stories (Twain Web). Widow Douglas is committed in civilizing Huck as she takes care of him out of goodness and urges him to live a good life and pray often without expecting any reimbursement from him. However, later in the story, Huck runs away with Miss Watson’s property, feels guilty for stealing, and believes he will go to hell for helping Jim escape (Berkove & Csicsila 81-85). Such kind of belief is believed to have been contributed by the teachings he got from Widow Douglas. Widow Douglas and Miss Watson are depicted as having a very controlled Christian mold from people and with their fixed idea; they are trying to adopt Huck to fit this mold (Ezekiel 33:31). They feel that Huck’s physical attributes are not in line with Christian

Work based learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Work based learning - Essay Example Organizations are demanding public relations research as the key instrument towards development of the organization’s strategy. Research in public relations research has the ability to build a foundation for not only public relations department, but also better the organization in general. What characterizes the current dynamic business environment is high cost of advertising and lower efficiency of adverts. Corporations are relying heavily on public relations to in order to pass these hard times. This entails that public relations issues are greatly influencing the performance of different organizations (Botany and Taylor, 2004:4). This essay will present new internet technologies that can potentially improve an organization’s relations such as podcasts and blogs. This essay will also present some of the findings obtained from this research and conclude with suggestions on how San Jiao Xiang Restaurant public relations department can improve their efforts in order to a chieve more. San Xiang increased importance of public relations This restaurant depends heavily on advertising through the internet and on other related mechanisms of publicity. In this millennium, public relations are becoming one of the essentials of communication tools than can imperatively lead to success by performing different functions of conventional marketing. Truthfully, it is not healthy for this restaurant to continue depending heavily on advertising due to a number of factors. ... The main purpose of marketing is to influence behavior of customers towards an organization or its products (Smith, 2005:55). On the other side, the main function of public relations is to form, change, and maintain attitudes of the public towards an organization and its products. Therefore, public relations serve the function of communication aimed at earning public understanding and acceptance through carrying out designed programs. An organization establishes rapport with different publics that include the government, investors, customers, suppliers, employers, and the media among others. The requirements and needs of these publics can turn to be somehow unique but very diverse (Regester, and Larkin, 2008:124). This means that, for San restaurant for keep a good rapport for all these publics, the responsible public relations department must have set procedure with clarified details showing appropriate measures for responding to their needs and requirements. Analysis of this proces s In exonerated with marketing, one of the most important tasks that marketing has to perform is public relations. Good relations with the media can have a huge affluence towards the image of an organization as well as other publics. As a result, if an organization resolves to use technology in public relations with media, the focus should focus should aim at getting the task performed quickly and as quickly as possible. Nevertheless, research findings show that, this is one of the rare instances where San restaurant can perform better and at lower cost simultaneously (English, 2005:7). China’s internet technology is high therefore, with the use of internet technology; the costs involved in reaching journalists are much lower than classical forms of communication. This restaurant

Universal Coverage Essay Example for Free

Universal Coverage Essay Health insurance is a term that explains a form of coverage that meets ones medical expenses. This form of insurance pays for medical expenses and sometimes may encompass insurance on disability and long-term nursing needs. There are two ways that one may get access to services of health cover firms, one of them is that, insurance may be offered by the government subsidized program i. e. the Social Insurance Program or the second alternative is by private medical insurance firms. The package may be obtained collectively e. g. by a company to insure its employees etc or may be obtained individually by customers. However in either case, the covered persons pay premiums to get protection from high or unpredicted medical care expenses. The government may offer such benefits of paying healthcare costs via a Social welfare program. Universal Coverage is described as the affordable medical care insurance that extends its coverage to all eligible residents of the country. It’s sometimes called Universal Healthcare. The coverage of such programs are greatly varied in terms of funding mechanism and organizational structure especially the extent to which they are funded by the public. Normally, the general public always has to pay their medical care expenses through health insurance schemes that are a compulsory requirement. Some pay through taxation and at times both tax and medical insurance programs may be used to meet the healthcare bill. According to the Institute of Medicine, The United States of America has been confirmed to be the only developed regime that doesn’t offer the Universal Coverage. Otherwise, many other developed nations and the developing countries offer the Universal healthcare coverage system of health insurance and it’s the trend all over the world. Introduction Health insurance is coverage that takes care of medical bills. Governments have come up with policies that regulate this health insurance programs. The Medical care insurance policy is a contract that binds a health insurance company and the person in question. The contact may be renewable annually or upon the agreed period of time. The contract usually described the type and the amount of medical expenses to be covered in the agreed duration and is usually paid in advance as evidence of coverage in the booklet. The Universal Coverage as mentioned earlier describes a situation where everybody is covered for the basic medical care services as per the government policy as long as one is an eligible resident of the region in question. Universal medical care coverage has been mistakenly likened to ingle-prayer; a type of medical cares where the government pays all the healthcare expenses. Most governments in the world currently provide Medical care universally with Singapore having the most efficient and successful medical coverage in the world. Probably t due to this reason that it has the country records low infant mortality rates and long life expectancies. The U. S is the only country that does not offer Universal coverage. The U. S government has established policies that recommend reforms in the healthcare by the year 2010, based on the per capita expenses. The situation in the country is that per capita expenses on medical care services is almost twice as much as other developed countries, but still has high infant mortality rates and short life expectancies. Health Insurance in the U. S In 2005, a bill was presented to the House of Representatives of the U. S proposing the introduction of a Universal health care coverage that would combine both public and private coverage. The discussions in the U. S on universal coverage are usually confused with the concept of single prayer scheme which is sometimes called socialized medicine. This perception usually becomes a major hurdle for the enactment of the universal coverage (Lerberghe 2005) Many of the medical service providers in the U. S will concur to charge the insurance Companies if the clients are willing to assent his signature to an agreement that the amount not paid by the insurance company would be their responsibility. Medical care in the U. S is provided by different legal entities and it has been noted that the U. S is highest spender on health care services. (Porter Teisberg 2006) A greater percentage of the U. S population have some form of medical insurance cover individually or through employers while others are granted by the government. There are certain publicly financed medical care schemes that are meant to provide assistance to the elderly, disabled, children and the poor. Federal law authorizes the general public to access emergency medical services despite their ability to meet the expenses. The health care coverage in the U. S depends so much on the private sector and the non-profit insurers and is the main source of medical coverage for the Americans. Public programs provide coverage services to older people and low-income earners including families that meet certain requirements to be entitled to this cover (Lerberghe 2005). Some of the public programs are Social insurance, Medicare, Medicaid and SCHIP. In 2006, it’s estimated that over 47 million people did not have any medical care cover for some part of the year (Anderson 2007). In 2004, the United States medical cover providers employed almost 471,000 workers directly. Since 2001, the health insurance costs in the States are rising at a very alarming rate that there is need to re evaluate the effectiveness of their system of healthcare payment. In the year 2007, most of the low-income earners and unemployed did not have medical cover. Those without medical insurance that year, summed up to about 15. 8% of the total population. The efficiency and the quality of the U. S medical care system raises questions on whether its worth the million of shillings that the government spends each year. A research by the world Health Organization in 2000, found out that the U. S was the highest spender on healthcare services yet it lagged far much behind in effectiveness of its performance (Haley Deevey 2001). Since universal coverage has proved to be more effective, there have been many proposals presented to the U. S administration to encourage transformation process of the current system to enable it to extend its coverage universally, rather than via a complete restructuring of the entire system. Considering that, most Americans covered by private insurance companies receive their benefits through employer sponsored schemes, it has been suggested that the employer ‘pay or play’ be used to expand coverage. However analysts have suggested that the proposed pay or play plans will be restricted in their capacity to include the working poor. Other observations made included the fact that this proposed plan basically excludes small companies, do not differentiate individuals who may be able to access other forms of healthcare insurance, from those who do not, and may cause the overall employer compensation expenses to rise. Universal Coverage As defined earlier, universal health coverage is the situation where by the government covers everyone’s basic medical care services as long as the people meet eligibility requirements of the region. Only America does not provide the universal coverage to its citizens of all the industrialized countries (Mayes 2005). This has seen America’s health care coverage system collapse! Almost a third of the Americans are not insured at some time of the year, this according to the research by Commonwealth Fund with the number of those supposedly covered dangerously under insured (Baker 2000). There arises situations when the insurance companies fail to meet the expenses of the medical services provided to their clients, in such cases, the affected persons may face a serious and tough decision making moment that they have to choose between healthcare services and other life necessities. As many as about half of the bankruptcies reported in the U. S are contributed to by medical debts and more than three-quarters of them are due to the medical debt the insurance had at the beginning of the sickness (Mayes 2005). The population that is covered collectively by employer is steadily loosing the benefits as more and more charges are being pushed towards the employees, while the young and unemployed minority are suffering for being under insured and usually pays disproportionate split of their income to the insurance coverage (Emanuel Fuchs 2005) Several issues have been raised to solve the problem of healthcare expenses and analysis made for the best possible alternative. In many occasions of discussions, universal coverage has been confused with â€Å"single payer† healthcare system. The Single-Payer healthcare system is the U. S’s term that describes the payment of all players in medical care service from single fund. The players here, being doctors, hospital and other related trades like pharmacies. The Canadian medical care system, the British, and the Australia’s Medicare are all single payer systems. The U. S’s Medicare and Medicaid are also described as single payer systems. The single payer system has only one financial source for paying all the medical service providers. Some people have argued that the single fancier of the single payer system is the government, but in Countries such as the U. S the matter is left for analysts and the patient never bears the individual accountability for all the expenses (Mayes 2005). The single payer system has been proposed to help transform the current and collapsing system of health insurance in the U. S. It is different from the Universal health care system where the government has total control of the healthcare systems including administration, employing doctors and other staff, despite the fact that logically all these are single payer systems! Meanwhile, when the term is used to imply these differences, the stakeholders in medical care industry remain independent and may confer with the government for funding. The single payer has been proposed to change the current system of the Americans, however critics oppose the fact that it would offer better quality of healthcare at a cheaper expense by saying that this would affect the quality of medical care and discourage innovations and therefore give free market approach and tax incentive as the better options (Emanuel Fuchs 2005) Some organization support universal coverage, these organizations that advocate for the implementation of the universal coverage do so due to its efficiency and advantages. The main supporters are; doctors, nurses and organizations such as Healthcare for everyone, Physicians for a National health Program and National health Insurance. The supporters argue that medical care is a basic human right and everyone is entitled to it, provision of medical care to the whole nation would profit the country economically, and that the profit motivation could negatively affect the quality of the healthcare services provided. Cutting costs is the main issue that raises concerns in the healthcare service provision. It would be much better to cut down costs rather than maintaining since the current economic crisis does not call for increased expenses. Currently, the U. S government has sacrificed its healthcare service industry to financial plan cuts. Communities especially those living in the poor neighborhood are needlessly vulnerable to diseases that otherwise could have been corrected or prevented. Cost cutting demands have lead to humiliating of occupations of medical care service providers like nurses and home-care workers. Processes such as screening, early diagnosis, and prevention measures that are efficient cost cutting methods have been short changed. Though cost cutting is very important, it should not sacrifice the quality of healthcare services to be provided. For the health care crisis in the American system and cost cutting pressures that are mounting on the budgetary allocations, have caused the quality of health care to be compromised in the name of cutting costs. Human rights activist argue that the sanctity of life should be respected and life protected no matter the cost.